Algorithmic control and bossware: Employee resistance and evolution of workarounds in a traditional work context
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.66450/sim.v30i4.03Keywords:
algorithmic control, workarounds, employee resistance, employee monitoringAbstract
Algorithmic control (AC) has diffused widely in traditional organisations since the COVID-19 pandemic, yet how employees perceive and respond to AC in traditional work contexts (TWC) remains underexamined. Drawing on the theory of workarounds and the 6R framework, we conduct a netnographic, text-mining analysis of 14,740 Reddit comments. We show that control in TWC is hybrid, blending managerial oversight with AC and producing power dynamics distinct from platform work. We extend the theory of workarounds by validating the three-stage process of Alter’s theory of workarounds and identifying ethical neutralisation as an important proximal step linking perceived control purpose to behavioural responses. We further emphasize how procedural and legal framing influences these responses. This study also highlights how individual workarounds transform into collective resistance through codification and online diffusion, thereby prompting organisational and managerial responses.
References
Alizadeh, A., Hirsch, F., Benlian, A., Wiener, M., & Cram, W. (2023). Perceived algorithmic control: Conceptualization and scale development. Proceedings of 31st European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Kristiansand, Norway.
Alter, N. (2000). L’innovation ordinaire. Presses Universitaires de France.
Alter, S. (2014). Theory of Workarounds. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 34(1). https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03455
Baillette, P., Barlette, Y., & Berthevas, J.-F. (2022). Benefits and risks of shadow IT in health care: A narrative review of the literature. Systèmes d’Information et Management (French Journal of Management Information Systems), 27(2), 59–96. Retrieved from https://revuesim.org/index.php/sim/article/view/1190
Barlette, Y., Berthevas, J.-F., & Sueur, I. (2024). Impacts on employee coping behaviors of opportunities and threats related to the use of shadow IT. Systèmes d’Information et Management (French Journal of Management Information Systems), 28(4), 71–108. Retrieved from https://revuesim.org/index.php/sim/article/view/1259
Bartelheimer, C., Wolf, V., & Beverungen, D. (2023). Workarounds as generative mechanisms for bottom-up process innovation insights from a multiple case study. Information Systems Journal, 33(5), 1085–1150. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12435
Belkin, D., & Ellis, L. (2023). Mouse jigglers, fake powerpoints: workers foil bosses’ surveillance attempts, Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/employee-productivity-workers-avoid-monitoring-11673445411
Bender, E. M. (2024). Resisting dehumanization in the age of “AI.” Current Directions in Psychological Science, 33(2), 114–120. https://doi.org/10.1177/09637214231217286
Benlian, A., Wiener, M., Cram, W.A., Krasnova, H., Maedche, A., Möhlmann, M., Recker, J., Buxmann, P., Hinz, O., & Söllner, M. (2022), Algorithmic management: bright and dark sides, practical implications, and research opportunities, Business & Information Systems Engineering, 64 (6), 825–839. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-022-00764-w
Bentham, J. (1791). Panopticon or the inspection house (Vol. 2). By T. Payne.
Bojanowski, P., Grave, E., Joulin, A. & Mikolov, T. (2017), Enriching word vectors with subword information, arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.1607.04606
Bucher, E.L., Schou, P.K., & Waldkirch, M. (2021), Pacifying the algorithm – Anticipatory compliance in the face of algorithmic management in the gig economy, Organization, 28(1), 44–67. https://doi.org/10.1177/1350508420961531
Cameron, L.D., & Rahman, H. (2022), Expanding the locus of resistance: Understanding the co-constitution of control and resistance in the gig economy, Organization Science, 33(1), 38–58. https://doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2021.1557
Cameron, L., Lamers, L., Leicht-Deobald, U., Lutz, C., Meijerink, J., & Möhlmann, M. (2023). Algorithmic management: Its implications for information systems research. Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 52(1), 518–537. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.05221
Cameron, L. D. (2024). The making of the good bad” job: How algorithmic management manufactures consent through constant and confined choices. Administrative Science Quarterly, 69(2), 458–514. https://doi.org/10.1177/00018392241236163
Clauzel, A., Guichard, N., & Loussaief, L. (2024). Le rôle de l’apparence des télétravailleurs en visioconférence : Vers un minimalisme circonstanciel ? Systèmes d’Information et Management (French Journal of Management Information Systems), 29(2), Article 2. https://revuesim.org/index.php/sim/article/view/1290
Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1938. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938
Cram, W., & Wiener, M. (2020), Technology-mediated control: Case examples and research directions for the future of organizational control, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 46, 70–91. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.04604
Daneshfar, Z., Asokan-Ajitha, A., Sharma, P., & Malik, A. (2023), Work-from-home (WFH) during COVID-19 pandemic A netnographic investigation using Twitter data, Information Technology & People, 36(5), 2161–2186. https://doi.org/10.1108/ITP-01-2021-0020
Davison, R. M., Wong, L. H. M., Alter, S., & Ou, C. X. J. (2019, June). Adopted globally but unusable locally: What workarounds reveal about adoption, resistance, compliance and non-compliance Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Stockholm and Uppsala, Sweden.
Davison, R. M., Wong, L. H. M., Ou, C. X. J., & Alter, S. (2021). The coordination of workarounds: Insights from responses to misfits between local realities and a mandated global enterprise system. Information & Management, 58(8), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2021.103530
Debono, D.S., Greenfield, D., Travaglia, J.F., Long, J.C., Black, D., Johnson, J., & Braithwaite, J. (2013), Nurses’ workarounds in acute healthcare settings: a scoping review, BMC Health Services Research, 13, 175. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-13-175
Debortoli, S., Müller, O., Junglas, I., & Vom Brocke, J. (2016), Text mining for information systems researchers: An annotated topic modelling tutorial, Communications of the Association for Information Systems, 39, 110–135. https://doi.org/10.17705/1CAIS.03907
Ferneley, E. H., & Sobreperez, P. (2006). Resist, comply or workaround? An examination of different facets of user engagement with information systems. European Journal of Information Systems, 15(4), 345–356. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.ejis.3000629
Foucault, M. (1977). Discipline and punish: The birth of the prison. Vintage Books.
Giacosa, E., Alam, G. M., Culasso, F., & Crocco, E. (2023). Stress-inducing or performance-enhancing? Safety measure or cause of mistrust? The paradox of digital surveillance in the workplace. Journal of Innovation & Knowledge, 8(2), 100357. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jik.2023.100357
Gonzalez Vazquez, I., Fernandez Macias, E., Wright, S., & Villani, D. (2025). Digital monitoring, algorithmic management and the platformisation of work in Europe (JRC Science for Policy Report No. JRC143072). Publications Office of the European Union. https://doi.org/10.2760/9406086
Haag, S., Eckhardt, A., & Schwarz, A. (2019). The acceptance of justifications among shadow IT users and nonusers – An empirical analysis. Information & Management, 56(5), 731–741. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2018.11.006
Håkansta, C., Lind, R., Strauss-Raats, P., & Blume, P. (2024). Algorithmic management: Experiences and responses: Explorative study of companies and trade unions in the Swedish warehousing, retail and transport industries [Policy study]. Foundation for European Progressive Studies (FEPS). https://feps-europe.eu
Handler, A., Denny, M., Wallach, H., & O’Connor, B. (2016 Bag of what? Simple noun phrase extraction for text analysis. In Proceedings of the 1st Workshop on NLP and Computational Social Science, 114–124. https://doi.org/10.18653/v1/W16-5615
Hirsch, F., Alizadeh, A., Wiener, M., & Cram, A. W. (2023). Algorithmic control in platform and traditional work settings: An updated conceptual framework. In the Proceedings of the 31st European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Kristiansand, Norway.
Hu, M., & Liu, B. (2004). Mining and summarizing customer reviews. In the Proceedings of the Tenth ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining, 168-177.
Huck-Fries, V., Wiesche, M., & Krcmar, H. (2016). The dualism of workarounds: Effects of technology and mental workload on improvement and noncompliant behavior within organizations research-in-progress. Proceedings of the 37th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Dublin, Ireland.
Irani, L. C., & Silberman, M. S. (2013). Turkopticon: Interrupting worker invisibility in Amazon mechanical Turk. In the Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 611–620. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2470742
Jarrahi, M.H., Newlands, G., Lee, M.K., Wolf, C.T., Kinder, E. and Sutherland, W. (2021), Algorithmic management in a work context, Big Data & Society, 8(2), 20539517211020332. https://doi.org/10.1177/20539517211020332
Jarrahi, M. H., & Sutherland, W. (2019, December 1). Algorithmic management and algorithmic competencies: Understanding and appropriating algorithms in gig work. Lecture Notes in Computer Science Conference 2019, Washington, DC, USA.
Jiang, J., Alizadeh, A., & Adam, M. (2023). How algorithmic control mechanisms influence workers’ individual-level algoactivistic practices on online labor platforms. In Proceedings of the Australasian Conference on Information Systems (ACIS), Wellington, New Zealand.
Kellogg, K. C., Valentine, M. A., & Christin, A. (2020). Algorithms at work: The new contested terrain of control. Academy of Management Annals, 14(1), 366–410. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2018.0174
Kessler, J. S. (2017). Scattertext: A browser-based tool for visualizing how corpora differ (arXiv:1703.00565). arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/1703.00565
Krzywdzinski, M., Schneiß, D., & Sperling, A. (2025). Between control and participation: The politics of algorithmic management. New Technology, Work and Employment, 40(1), 60–80. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12293
Lapointe, L., & Rivard, S. (2005). A multilevel model of resistance to information technology implementation. MIS Quarterly, 29(3), 461–491. https://doi.org/10.2307/25148692
Laumer, S., Maier, C., & Weitzel, T. (2017). Information quality, user satisfaction, and the manifestation of workarounds: A qualitative and quantitative study of enterprise content management system users. European Journal of Information Systems, 26(4), 333–360. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41303-016-0029-7.
Leclercq-Vandelannoitte, A., & Isaac, H. (2013). Technologies de l’information, contrôle et panoptique: Pour une approche deleuzienne. Systèmes d’Information et Management (French Journal of Management Information Systems), 18(2), 9–36. Retrieved from https://revuesim.org/index.php/sim/article/view/485.
Lehdonvirta, V. (2018). Flexibility in the gig economy: Managing time on three online piecework platforms. New Technology, Work and Employment, 33(1), 13–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12102
Lippert, I., Kirchner, K., & Wiener, M. (2023). Context matters: The use of algorithmic management mechanisms in platform, hybrid, and traditional work contexts. In the Proceedings of the 56th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HCIS), 5282–5291.
Mani, Z., Chouk, I., Ferrandi, J.-M., Gonzalez, C., & Siadou-Martin, B. (2023). Exploration des facteurs de résistance aux solutions de traçage numérique pendant la pandémie de la Covid-19. Systèmes d’Information et Management (French Journal of Management Information Systems), 28(1), 43–85. https://doi.org/10.54695/sim.28.1.0043
McKenna, B., Myers, M. D., & Newman, M. (2017). Social media in qualitative research: Challenges and recommendations. Information and Organization, 27(2), 87–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2017.03.001
Meijerink, J., & Bondarouk, T. (2023). The duality of algorithmic management: Toward a research agenda on HRM algorithms, autonomy and value creation. Human Resource Management Review, 33(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100876
Milmo, D. (2024, June 14). US bank Wells Fargo fires employees for ‘simulating’ being at their keyboards. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/business/article/2024/jun/14/us-bank-wells-fargo-fires-employees-keyboards
Möhlmann, M., & Zalmanson, L. (2017). Hands-on the wheel: Navigating algorithmic management and Uber drivers’ autonomy. Proceedings of the 38th International Conference on Information Systems (ICIS), Seoul, South Korea.
Möhlmann, M., Zalmanson, L., Henfridsson, O., & Gregory, R. W. (2021). Algorithmic management of work on online labor platforms: When matching meets control. MIS Quarterly, 45(4), 1999–2022.https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2021/15333
Möhlmann, M., Salge, C. A. D. L., & Marabelli, M. (2023). Algorithm sensemaking: How platform workers make sense of algorithmic management. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 24(1), 35–64. https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00774
Monroe, A. E., & Malle, B. F. (2017). Two paths to blame: Intentionality directs moral information processing along two distinct tracks. Journal of Experimental Psychology. General, 146(1), 123–133. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000234
Noponen, N., Feshchenko, P., Auvinen, T., Luoma-aho, V., & Abrahamsson, P. (2023). Taylorism on steroids or enabling autonomy? A systematic review of algorithmic management. Management Review Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11301-023-00345-5
Parent-Rocheleau, X., & Parker, S. K. (2021). Algorithms as work designers: How algorithmic management influences the design of jobs. Human Resource Management Review, 32(3), 100838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100838
Perez, F., Conway, N., & Roques, O. (2022). The autonomy tussle: AI technology and employee job crafting responses. Relations Industrielles, 77(3), 1094209ar. https://doi.org/10.7202/1094209ar
Proferes, N., Jones, N., Gilbert, S., Fiesler, C., & Zimmer, M. (2021). Studying Reddit: A systematic overview of disciplines, approaches, methods, and ethics. Social Media + Society, 7(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.1177/20563051211019004
Reimann, M., & Diewald, M. (2024). Algorithmic management and workplace bullying: The relevance of specific employee experiences across work environments. New Technology, Work and Employment, ntwe.12325. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12325
Roder, N., Wiesche, M., Schermann, M., & Krcmar, H. (2016). Toward an ontology of workarounds: A literature review on existing concepts. In the proceedings of 49th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), 5177–5186. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.2016.640
Schmid, A. L., & Wiesche, M. (2026). Algorithmic management in traditional organizations. Business & Information Systems Engineering. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-025-00981-z
Shirish, A., & Batuekueno, L. (2021). Technology renewal, user resistance, user adoption: Status quo bias theory revisited. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 34(5), 874–893. https://doi.org/10.1108/JOCM-10-2020-0332
Silic, M., Barlow, J. B., & Back, A. (2017). A new perspective on neutralization and deterrence: Predicting shadow IT usage. Information & Management, 54(8), 1023–1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.im.2017.02.007
Siponen, M., Topalli, V., Soliman, W., & Vestman, T. (2025). Reconsidering neutralization techniques in behavioral cybersecurity as cybersecurity hygiene discounting. Computers & Security, 150, 104306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2024.10430
Snell, S. A. (1992). Control theory in strategic human resource management: The mediating effect of administrative information. The Academy of Management Journal, 35(2), 292–327. https://doi.org/10.2307/256375
Spierings, A., Kerr, D., & Houghton, L. (2017). Issues that support the creation of ICT workarounds: Towards a theoretical understanding of feral information systems. Information Systems Journal, 27(6), 775–794. https://doi.org/10.1111/isj.12123
Steinbach, M., Karypis, G., & Kumar, V. (2000). A comparison of document clustering techniques (Technical Report No. 00-034). University of Minnesota, Department of Computer Science and Engineering.
Sum, C. M., Shi, C., & Fox, S. E. (2025). “It’s always a losing game”: How workers understand and resist surveillance technologies on the job. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 9(2), 1–32. https://doi.org/10.1145/3710902
van Zoonen, W. (2025). Algorithmic surveillance and workers’ compliance: The role of trust, privacy concerns, and fairness in online crowdwork. Human Relations, 00187267251379698.
Weber, M., Remus, U., Geiger, M., & Cram, W. A. (2025). Between proactive and reactive coping: How food delivery workers cope with algorithmic management threats. European Journal of Information Systems, 0(0), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2025.2558598
Wibisono, A., Alhassan, I., Sammon, D., Heavin, C., Kiely, G., & Suryani, E. (2019). Understanding theory of workarounds in practice. Procedia Computer Science, 161, 187–194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.11.114
Wiener, M., Cram, W., & Benlian, A. (2021). Algorithmic control and gig workers: A legitimacy perspective of Uber drivers. European Journal of Information Systems, 32(3), 485–507. https://doi.org/10.1080/0960085X.2021.1977729
Williams, P., & Khan, M. H. (2025). Framing algorithmic management: Constructed antagonism on HR technology websites. New Technology, Work and Employment, 40(1), 102–123. https://doi.org/10.1111/ntwe.12305
Wolf, V., & Beverungen, D. (2019, June 12). Conceptualizing the impact of workarounds – An organizational routines’ perspective. In Proceedings of the 27th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Stockholm, Sweden.
Wong, L. H. M., Hurbean, L., Davison, R. M., Ou, C. X., & Muntean, M. (2022). Working around inadequate information systems in the workplace: An empirical study in Romania. International Journal of Information Management, 64, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2022.102471
Wood, A. J., Graham, M., Lehdonvirta, V., & Hjorth, I. (2019). Good gig, bad gig: autonomy and algorithmic control in the global gig economy. Work, Employment and Society, 33(1), 56–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017018785616
Zhang, Z., Yin, K., Cai, Z., & Liu, G. (2025). Navigating algorithmic paradox management: The role of workplace game engagement and regulatory focus. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 36(2), 351–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2024.2444325
Downloads
Additional Files
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
The author bears the responsibility for checking whether material submitted is subject to copyright or ownership rights (e.g. figures, tables, photographs, illustrations, trade literature and data). The author will need to obtain permission to reproduce any such items, and include these permissions with their final submission.
It is our policy to ask all contributors to transfer for free the copyright in their contribution to the journal owner. There are two broad reasons for this:
- ownership of copyright by the journal owner facilitates international protection against infringement of copyright, libel or plagiarism;
- it also ensures that requests by third parties to reprint or reproduce a contribution, or part of it, in either print or electronic form, are handled efficiently in accordance with our general policy which encourages dissemination of knowledge within the framework of copyright.
In conformity with the French law, the author keeps the 'moral rights' related to the article:
- The 'authorship right': It is the author's right to have his name associated with each publication and exploitation of the article.
- The 'integrity right': It can be claimed by the author if he finds that during an exploitation, his work has been distorted (cutting, reassembly...).

